Autoimmune Disease Series--
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM), also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by absolute insulin deficiency due to damage to pancreatic β-cells, which often develops in childhood and adolescence, but may affect people of all ages. Typical symptoms include polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, and weight loss, which may lead to acute complications such as ketoacidosis in severe cases.
The research for type 1 diabetes treatment covers a wide range of areas, including insulin therapy, automated insulin delivery systems (AIDs), insulin-assisted therapies, and GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists. The current direction of its drug development covers a wide range of aspects ranging from immunomodulation, β-cell protection and regeneration to specific hormone receptor antagonism and activation, as described below:
- Immunomodulation and inflammation suppression: Studies have shown that protecting pancreatic β-cells through immunomodulation or suppression of inflammation holds promise for delaying or stopping disease progression. For example, CTLA4-Ig (abatacept) , an immunomodulator, was used in patients with T1DM and was able to slow the decline in β-cell function and maintain the effect for at least one year after discontinuation of the drug [1]. In addition, abatacept shows potential as a promising experimental drug in T1DM through specific immunomodulation without causing systemic immunosuppression [2].
- Glucagon receptor antagonism and activation: The role of glucagon in T1DM has received attention, and blocking glucagon receptors or inhibiting glucagon secretion by α-cells has become a new therapeutic direction. In addition, the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) system has received attention as a therapeutic target because of its multimodal action and low hypoglycemic tendency [3].
- Endoplasmic reticulum stress: endoplasmic reticulum stress is considered to be an important pathological feature in the pathogenesis of T1DM, and drugs targeting pathological endoplasmic reticulum stress are expected to restore pancreatic β-cells quantity and quality.
- Autoantigens and cytokines: therapeutic strategies targeting autoantigens (e.g., GAD65, insulin, etc.) and cytokines in T1DM are also under investigation. These autoantigens are not only target proteins for humoral autoimmune responses, but may also be target molecules for autoreactive T lymphocytes.
Currently, targeted immunotherapy targeting T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and cytokines has made great progress. In addition, a variety of new drugs including SGLT inhibitors, GLP-1 agonists, immunomodulatory drugs (including autoantigens and anti-cytokines), and β-cell regenerative agents are in clinical development. Insulin gene therapy has also shown potential for treating T1DM as an alternative strategy to correct hyperglycemia by expressing insulin in non-β cells.
CUSABIO has long been committed to providing researchers with high-quality proteins, antibodies, ELISA kits and other tools for scientific research reagent products, and has compiled a series of popular targets related to type 1 diabetes research and related reagent products listed below for your selection:
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Drug Targets in Development:
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Drug Targets Related Products
● Target Proteins
Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA. Immobilized CD40L at 2 μg/ml can bind Anti- CD40L Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody(CSB-RA156386A0HU), the EC50 is 2.353-3.232 ng/ml.
Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA. Immobilized CD40L at 2 μg/ml can bind Anti- CD40L Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody(CSB-RA156386A0HU), the EC50 is 2.353-3.232 ng/ml.
Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA. Immobilized CD152 at 2 μg/ml can bind Anti-CD152 rabbit monoclonal antibody(CSB-RA213310A0HU), the EC50 of human CD152 protein is 27.14-34.82 ng/ml.
Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA. Immobilized human GCGR at 2 μg/ml can bind Anti-GCGR recombinant antibody (CSB-RA009316A1HU), the EC50 is 3.747-6.666 ng/mL.
Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA. Immobilized Human GLP1R at 2 μg/mL can bind Anti-GLP1R recombinant antibody (CSB-RA009514MA1HU), the EC50 is 54.54-94.23 ng/mL.
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Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA. Immobilized Human IL17A at 2 μg/ml can bind Anti-IL17A recombinant antibody (CSB-RA624104MA1HU), the EC50 is 1.818-2.170 ng/mL.
Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA. Immobilized Human IL6 at 2μg/mL can bind Anti-IL6 recombinant antibody (CSB-RA011664MA1HU)，the EC50 is 35.80-41.82 ng/mL.
Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA. Immobilized human CD20 at 2 μg/ml can bind Anti-CD20 recombinant antibody (CSB-RA015007A1HU), the EC50 is 3.243-7.085 ng/mL.
