Receptor for apelin receptor early endogenous ligand (APELA) and apelin (APLN) hormones coupled to G proteins that inhibit adenylate cyclase activity. Plays a key role in early development such as gastrulation, blood vessels formation and heart morphogenesis by acting as a receptor for APELA hormone. May promote angioblast migration toward the embryonic midline, i.e. the position of the future vessel formation, during vasculogenesis. Promotes sinus venosus (SV)-derived endothelial cells migration into the developing heart to promote coronary blood vessel development. Plays also a role in various processes in adults such as regulation of blood vessel formation, blood pressure, heart contractility and heart failure.
Gene References into Functions
the expression of APLNR (APJ/AGTRL1), the only known receptor for apelin, is predominantly restricted to the endothelial cells.PMID:28904225
The ELA-APJ axis protects from pressure overload-induced heart failure possibly via suppression of ACE expression and pathogenic angiotensin II signaling.PMID:28371822
Internalization does not appear to contribute to the desensitization of APJ-mediated ppERK1/2 activation.PMID:27492965
the ELABELA (ELA)-APJ signaling axis is only required for sinus venosus-derived progenitors.PMID:28890073
These results demonstrate a new pharmacologic property of protamine-blockade of APJ-that could explain some adverse effects observed in protamine-treated patients, and that the established antiangiogenic activity of protamine would rely on APJ antagonism.PMID:28242772
Apelin-36-[L28C(30kDa-PEG)] provides a starting point for the development of diabetes therapeutics that are devoid of the blood pressure effects associated with canonical APJ activationPMID:27994053
Results show that obese mice had significantly lower mRNA and protein expressions of apelin/ APJ in skeletal muscles than the normal body weight mice.PMID:27834140
These results demonstrate that overexpression of APJ in cardiomyocytes has adverse effects on cardiac function in male and non-pregnant mice and that lactation contributes to the development of postpartum cardiomyopathy in the heart with APJ overexpression.PMID:27033703
Endothelial CXCR4 is negatively regulated by miR-139-5p, whose transcription is in turn induced by laminar flow and APLN/APLNR signalling.PMID:27068353
apelin is produced by arterial endothelial cells (ECs) during embryogenesis, induces chemotaxis of venous ECs, and promotes the production of secreted Frizzled-related protein 1 by apelin receptor(+) ECsPMID:25920569
Findings demonstrate a stimulatory role for the islet cell apelin-APJ signaling axis in regulation of pancreatic islet homeostasis and in metabolic induced beta-cell hyperplasia.PMID:25965959
ERG and APLNR are essential for endothelial homeostasis in venules in the lung and that perturbation in ERG-APLNR signaling is crucial for the development of pulmonary veno-occlusive disease.PMID:25062690
These findings suggest that apelin-APJ signaling is a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of vasculogenic erectile dysfunction.PMID:23578329
regulates the Nodal/Bone Morphogenetic Protein antagonist Cerberus and the Baf60c/Smarcd3 subunit of the Brg1/Brm-associated factors (BAF) chromatin-remodelling complexPMID:23787002
In obese and insulin-resistant mice, plasma apelin concentration after fasting was not modified but, the gene-expression level of the APL/APJ system was augmented in the white adipose tissue and reduced in the brown adipose tissue, liver and in kidneys.PMID:23747606
These findings imply that the pancreatic apelin-APJ system functions to curb the inflammatory and fibrosis responses during pancreatitis, and that apelin reduces inflammation and fibrosis by reducing neutrophil recruitment and PSC activity.PMID:23681476
More than half of the expected Apj-/- embryos died in utero because of cardiovascular developmental defects. Apelin-APJ signaling plays a novel role as a potent regulator of endothelial MEF2 function in the developing cardiovascular system.PMID:23603510
Apelin-APJ signalling may promote Fas-induced liver injury at least partially via JNK activation.PMID:23121371
Centrally administered apelin-13 elicited depression-like behavior in mice, which was mediated via APJ receptor and kappa-opioid receptor, but not CRF receptor.PMID:22728209
We conclude that apelin functions as a new and potent chemoattractant for circulating cKit+/Flk1+/Aplnr+ cells during early myocardial repair, providing myocardial protection against ischemic damage by improving neovascularization via paracine action.PMID:22753078
study found activation of ATreceptors stimulates apelin secretion in Ca(2), protein kinase C and MAPK kinase dependent ways; activation of AT receptors inhibits apelin secretion through cAMP and cGMP dependent pathways; expression of apelin receptor is siPMID:22249006
data indicate that APJ is a bifunctional receptor for both mechanical stretch and the endogenous peptide apelin; by sensing the balance between these stimuli, APJ occupies a pivotal point linking sustained overload to cardiomyocyte hypertrophyPMID:22810587
the novel peptide apelin and its receptor APJ can induce the morphological and functional maturation of blood vessels in tumorsPMID:22037214
Apelin receptor mRNA and apelin-13 binding site distribution in mouse tissuesPMID:22197493
endothelial cells promote the maturation of astrocytes through the apelin/APJ system in micePMID:22357924
Disruption of apelin-APJ signaling can exacerbate pulmonary hypertension mediated by decreased activation of AMP-activated kinase and eNOS.PMID:21233449
Apelin receptor expression by smooth muscle cells provides a paracrine pathway in injured vessels that allows endothelial-derived apelin to stimulate their division and migration into the neointima.PMID:20176814
Role for the apelinergic system in mechanisms controlling fluid homeostasis, particularly at a neuroendocrine level.PMID:20136689
data support a role for the apelin-APJ system in the regulation of smooth muscle, epithelial and goblet cell function in the GI tractPMID:19660504
Expression of the murine msr/apj receptor and its ligand apelin is upregulated during formation of the retinal vessels.PMID:11744380
APJ exerts the hypotensive effect in vivo and plays a counterregulatory role against the pressor action of angiotensin IIPMID:15087458
Data show that the apj receptor is expressed in pancreatic islets and that apelin-36 inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion both in vivo and in vitro.PMID:15970338
APJ/apelin-meidated molecular mechanisms for cell migration were reported.PMID:16211245
APJ is unlikely to be a gene causing idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, but the independent correlation between the 212A allele and a better prognosis suggests that it might act as a modifier gene.PMID:17826642
The apelin-APJ system is a mediator of oxidative stress in vascular tissue, and thus we propose it to be a critical factor in atherogenesis under high-cholesterol dietary conditions.PMID:17884970
Involved in the regulation of blood vessel diameter during angiogenesis.PMID:18200044
apelin/APJ signaling pathways play a critical role in the development of the functional vascular network in adipose tissue.PMID:18708591
physiological role for APJ in mechanisms of water intake and fluid retention suggests an anti-diuretic effect of apelin in vivoPMID:19578099
Results demonstrate that endogenous apelin-APJ signaling plays a modest role in maintaining basal cardiac function in adult mice with a more substantive role during conditions of stress.PMID:19767528
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Subcellular Location
Cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein.
Protein Families
G-protein coupled receptor 1 family
Tissue Specificity
Expressed in coronary endothelial cells (at protein level). Expressed in the embryo, allantoic and endothelial precursor cells of the yolk sac at 8 days post-coitum (dpc). Expressed in the secondary heart field and somite at 8.25 dpc. Expressed in fetal a